Malocclusion Complexity in Patients with Disc Displacement Disorders: A Case-Control Study.

This study aimed to determine the possible association between disc displacement (DD) disorders and malocclusion complexity. This cross-sectional study was carried out using a case-control design. The Research Diagnosis Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders were used to identify cases and controls. The Index of Complexity, Outcome, and Need (ICON) was used to quantify malocclusion complexity as easy, mild, moderate, difficult, or very difficult. A total of 310 subjects were included: 130 cases and 180 controls. A binary logistic regression (p < 0.05) was used to identify associations. The odds ratio (OR) was also calculated. DD was associated with sex, age, and malocclusion complexity (p < 0.05). The malocclusion complexity comparison showed that 89.3% of the controls fell within the easy-moderate levels of the ICON, whereas 85.4% of the cases were in the moderate-very difficult levels (p ≤ 0.001). Difficult and very difficult malocclusions had high ORs (9.801 and 9.689, respectively) compared to the easy cases. In conclusion, patients with malocclusion complexity levels classified as difficult or very difficult have greater odds of presenting DD.

Tooth Loss and Associated Factors in Mexican Older Adults in Nursing Homes: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study.

The objective of this study was to determine the experience of tooth loss and associated factors in older adults and elderly residing in nursing homes. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Mexican older adults and elderly aged ≥60 years living in four nursing homes (two in Mexico City, Mexico: one in Cuernavaca, Morelos, and one in Oaxaca, Oaxaca). The data were collected at the facility (home nursing) by two dentists in 2019. To determine the number of tooth loss and DMFT, a clinical oral examination was performed. In addition, a questionnaire was applied to determine diverse independent variables (demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral). The analysis was performed using nonparametric tests and negative binomial regression (p < 0.05). 257 subjects were included. The mean age was 81.25 ± 9.02 years, and 60.7% were women. The mean number of lost teeth was 18.78 ± 9.05 (women = 19.43 ± 8.59 and men = 17.77 ± 9.68; p > 0.05). In the multivariate negative binomial regression model, it was found that, for each one-year increase in age, the mean tooth loss increased 0.92% (p < 0.05). In current smokers (p < 0.01) and in those who brush their teeth < 2 times a day (p < 0.01), the average of tooth loss increased 22.04% and 61.46%, respectively. The experience of tooth loss in Mexican older adults and elderly was high. Demographic (age) and habit of behavior (tobacco use and less frequent tooth brushing) were associated with increased tooth loss. It is important to promote oral health programs for institutionalized older adults.

Malocclusion complexity as an associated factor for temporomandibular disorders. A case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and malocclusion complexity using the Index of Complexity Outcome and Need (ICON) levels. METHODS: A prospective, cross-sectional, case and control study was done. Cases and controls were matched in a one-to-one relationship (179 subjects each). The Research Diagnostic Criteria was used to evaluate the presence of TMD, and the ICON was used to quantify malocclusion complexity. A binary logistic regression (p < 0.05) was used to identify associations between variables. RESULTS: TMD presence was associated with gender and malocclusion complexity (p < 0.05). The largest proportion of controls were in the lowest three levels of ICON complexity, while most cases were in the three highest levels (p < 0.001). Higher malocclusion complexity indicated a greater TMD risk. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that TMD is associated with malocclusion complexity. As malocclusion complexity increases, so do the odds of presenting with TMD.

Trends in Cleft lip and/or Palate Prevalence at Birth in Mexico: A National (Ecological) Study Between 2003 and 2019.

OBJECTIVE: To describe trends in cases and prevalence at birth rates of cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) in Mexico between 2003 and 2019. DESIGN: Ecological study. SETTING: Multiple data sources systematically collected into a national epidemiological surveillance data warehouse. PARTICIPANTS: National Live Birth Information System. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Both cases and prevalence at birth rates of CL/P in Mexico within a 17-year period were used as dependent variables. RESULTS: At the national level there were 23 184 new cases of CL/P (average of 1364 per year) in the 32 states of Mexico, with an average prevalence at birth rate of 0.53 per 1000 live births. The states with the highest prevalence at birth rates of CL/P during the period were Hidalgo (1.59) and Jalisco (1.32), while the states with the lowest rates were Nayarit (0.22) and Durango (0.29). A slight decrease in both cases (z = -2.41, P = .016) and prevalence at birth rates (z = -2.58, P = .010) of CL/P was observed at the national level. States such as Durango, Puebla, Chiapas, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Mexico City, State of Mexico, Coahuila and Jalisco showed a clear downward trend (P < .05) in their prevalence at birth of CL/P between 2003 and 2019, while in Hidalgo its trend was upward (P = .05). Significant differences by sex and region were observed (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Some states consistently had the highest or lowest prevalence of CL/P. Decreasing trends in the overall prevalence at birth rates were observed. More detailed, epidemiological studies are necessary to adequately characterize CL/P in the Mexican population.

Dental anomalies in cleft lip and palate: A case-control comparison of total and outside the cleft prevalence.

This study's objective was to compare the total and outside the cleft prevalence of dental anomalies (DA) between patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP) and a control group. This retrospective cross-sectional study was done under a case-control design. The case group consisted of 192 non-syndromic patients with complete CLP, while the control group included 411 patients. All subjects had orthopantomography, intra, and extraoral photographs. The prevalence of dental agenesis, supernumerary teeth, impacted teeth, dental transposition, and microdontia were compared using a chi-squared test (P < .05). Next, a second test was made, but only the anomalies outside the cleft were considered for this study. Total prevalence was 89.1% for cases, and 20.9% for controls (P < .01). The prevalence of each DA was significantly higher for the case group. In the analysis of DAs outside the cleft, the total prevalence was still significantly associated (P < .01); however, only dental agenesis was statistically significant (P < .01). Further analysis found that a high rate of upper premolar absence (P < .01) could explain this event. Patients with CLP have a higher prevalence of DAs compared to controls. After considering only the DAs outside the cleft, the total prevalence remains significantly higher. However, this phenomenon is explained mainly by the elevated prevalence of upper premolars' agenesis. This study's results suggest that environmental factors are behind the high prevalence of DAs in subjects with CLP.

Malocclusion Complexity in Patients with Myofascial Pain with or without Mouth-Opening Limitation: A Case-Control Study.

Background: This study is aimed at determining the association between myofascial pain with or without mouth-opening limitation and malocclusion complexity. Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional, case-control study was conducted. The Research Diagnostic Criteria were used to evaluate the presence of myofascial pain, chronic pain, and depression. The Index of Complexity, Outcome, and Need (ICON) was applied to quantify malocclusion complexity. A total of 96 patients with myofascial pain were grouped into two: subjects without mouth-opening limitation (n = 76, group A) and subjects with mouth-opening limitation (group B, n = 20). Both groups were compared with 231 controls (group C). A Chi-squared test and a multinomial logistic regression (p ≤ 0.05) were used to identify associations between the variables. Results: Statistically significant associations were found between myofascial pain and the variables gender, malocclusion complexity, and depression (p ≤ 0.05). Age was not significantly associated (p = 0.327). Concerning malocclusion complexity, 77.9% of the controls were distributed in the first three ICON levels; however, 76.5% of group A subjects and 90% of group B were in the last three (p < 0.001). The multinomial logistic regression showed a significant association between malocclusion complexity in group A (p < 0.05) and an association between depression and group B (p < 0.05). Group B had the highest grades of chronic pain. Conclusions: Females had greater risk of myofascial pain without mouth-opening limitation. As the complexity of the malocclusion increases, so do the odds of presenting myofascial pain without mouth-opening limitation. Myofascial pain with mouth-opening limitation frequently coexists with depression and chronic pain.

Evaluation of diagnostic agreement among cephalometric measurements for determining incisor position and inclination / Evaluación de la concordancia diagnóstica entre mediciones cefalométricas para la determinación de la posición e inclinación de los incisivos

SUMMARY: The incisors are a key factor in dental occlusion and dentofacial aesthetics; therefore, the sagittal position and inclination of the incisors is a key parameter in diagnosis and orthodontic treatment planning. In some cases, the orthodontist will use more than one cephalometric analysis, and thus different results can be obtained. The aim of this study was to establish the diagnostic agreement among the different cephalometric measurements used to determine the anteroposterior position and the inclination of the incisors. Lateral cephalometric radiograms of patients between 18 and 59 years old were measured (n=260). Digital cephalometric measurements were made with Dolphin Imaging software, by a single calibrated operator. Here, a specific cephalometric analysis was designed in the software analysis editor. The results for each variable and each measurement were registered and compared. Fleiss's Kappa statistical tests, Cohen's Kappa, and Kendall's coefficient were used to determine the strength of agreement using the Minitab software. The results showed diagnostic strength agreement between slight and moderate among measurements of the same variable. This indicates that same diagnosis might not be obtained when using different approaches to measure the anteroposterior position and inclination of the incisors. It was concluded that there is a difference in the diagnosis between one measurement and another because the results showed slight or moderate strength of agreement. However, in some cases, better agreement was found when the measurements were compared as a function of the diagnostic response.

RESUMEN: Los incisivos son un factor clave en la oclusión dental y la estética dentofacial; por lo tanto, la posición sagital y la inclinación de los incisivos es un parámetro clave en el diagnóstico y la planificación del tratamiento de ortodoncia. En algunos casos, el ortodoncista utilizará más de un análisis cefalométrico y, por lo tanto, se pueden obtener resultados diferentes. El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer el acuerdo de diagnóstico entre las diferentes mediciones cefalométricas utilizadas para determinar la posición anteroposterior y la inclinación de los incisivos. Se midieron radiografías cefalométricas laterales de pacientes entre 18 y 59 años (n = 260). Las mediciones cefalométricas digitales se realizaron con el software Dolphin Imaging, por un solo operador calibrado. Aquí, se diseñó un análisis cefalométrico específico en el editor de análisis de software. Los resultados para cada variable y cada medición se registraron y compararon. Las pruebas estadísticas Kappa de Fleiss, Kappa de Cohen y el coeficiente de Kendall se usaron para determinar la fuerza del acuerdo utilizando el software Minitab. Los resultados mostraron un acuerdo de fuerza diagnóstica entre leve y moderado entre las mediciones de la misma variable. Esto indica que no se puede obtener el mismo diagnóstico cuando se utilizan diferentes enfoques para medir la posición anteroposterior y la inclinación de los incisivos. Se concluyó que existe una diferencia en el diagnóstico entre una medición y otra porque los resultados mostraron una fuerza de acuerdo leve o moderada. Sin embargo, en algunos casos, se encontró un mejor acuerdo cuando se compararon las mediciones en función de la respuesta de diagnóstico.

Ecological study on needs and cost of treatment for dental caries in schoolchildren aged 6, 12, and 15 years: Data from a national survey in Mexico.

To determine the treatment needs and the care index for dental caries in the primary dentition and permanent dentition of schoolchildren and to quantify the cost of care that would represent the treatment of dental caries in Mexico.A secondary analysis of data from the First National Caries Survey was conducted, which was a cross-sectional study conducted in the 32 states of Mexico. Based on dmft (average number of decayed, extracted, and filled teeth in the primary dentition) and DMFT (average number of decayed, extracted, and filled teeth in permanent dentition) information, a treatment needs index (TNI) and a caries care index (CI) were calculated.At age 6, the TNI for the primary dentition ranged from 81.7% to 99.5% and the CI ranged from 0.5% to 17.6%. In the permanent dentition, the TNI ranged from 58.8% to 100%, and the CI ranged from 0.0% to 41.2%. At age 12, the TNI ranged from 55.4% to 93.4%, and the CI ranged from 6.5% to 43.4%. At age 15, the TNI ranged from 50.4% to 98.4%, and the CI ranged from 1.4% to 48.3%. The total cost of treatment at 6 years of age was estimated to range from a purchasing power parity (PPP) of USD $49.1 to 287.7 million in the primary dentition, and from a PPP of USD $3.7 to 24 million in the permanent dentition. For the treatment of the permanent dentition of 12-year-olds, the PPP ranged from USD $13.3 to 85.4 million. The estimated cost of treatment of the permanent dentition of the 15-year-olds ranged from a PPP of USD $10.9 to 70.3 million. The total estimated cost of caries treatment ranged from a PPP of USD $77.1 to 499.6 million, depending on the type of treatment and provider (public or private).High percentages of TNI for dental caries and low CI values were observed. The estimated costs associated with the treatment for caries have an impact because they represent a considerable percentage of the total health expenditure in Mexico.

Interproximal caries and premature tooth loss in primary dentition as risk factors for loss of space in the posterior sector: A cross-sectional study.

Dental caries-a highly prevalent public health problem in preschoolers and school children-is the main cause of premature dental loss during childhood, and this may be related to loss of space in the posterior sector. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether interproximal caries and premature tooth loss (D and/or E) are risk factors for loss of space in the posterior sector.A comparative cross-sectional study (split-mouth type) was performed in schoolchildren (6-8 years old). Seventeen gypsum models were evaluated. These children presented with unilateral loss of a dental organ or interproximal caries (teeth D and/or E) and without such affectations on the other side. Measurements were made with a digital Vernier caliper. The dependent variable was the difference (loss of space, mm) between the control and case sides. The independent variables were type of affectation (interproximal caries or tooth loss), sex, age, arcade, and number of interproximal surfaces affected.The mean age was 6.82 ±â€Š0.44 years and 64.7% were boys. The average space loss was 1.09 ±â€Š0.18 mm (control vs case; P < .0001). A greater loss of space was observed among those who lost a dental organ than those with interproximal caries (P = .0119). A correlation was observed between the variable loss of space and the number of interproximal surfaces affected (r = 0.5712, P = .0166).Interproximal caries and tooth loss were risk factors for loss of space in the posterior segment in this sample of Mexican schoolchildren.

Difference between manual and digital measurements of dental arches of orthodontic patients.

The objective of this study was to compare the differences between the measurements performed manually to those obtained using a digital model scanner of patients with orthodontic treatment.A cross-sectional study was performed in a sample of 30 study models from patients with permanent dentition who attended a university clinic between January 2010 and December 2015. For the digital measurement, a Maestro 3D Ortho Studio scanner (Italy) was used and Mitutoyo electronic Vernier calipers (Kawasaki, Japan) were used for manual measurement. The outcome variables were the measurements for maxillary intercanine width, mandibular intercanine width, maxillary intermolar width, mandibular intermolar width, overjet, overbite, maxillary arch perimeter, mandibular arch perimeter, and palate height. The independent variables, besides age and sex, were a series of arc characteristics. The Student t test, paired Student t test, and Pearson correlation in SPSS version 19 were used for the analysis.Of the models, 60% were from women. Two of nine measurements for pre-treatment and 6 of 9 measurements for post-treatment showed a difference. The variables that were different between the manual and digital measurements in the pre-treatment were maxillary intermolar width and palate height (P < .05). Post-treatment, differences were found in mandibular intercanine width, palate height, overjet, overbite, and maxillary and mandibular arch perimeter (P < .05).The models measured manually and digitally showed certain similarities for both vertical and transverse measurements. There are many advantages offered to the orthodontist, such as easy storage; savings in time and space; facilitating the reproducibility of information; and conferring the security of not deteriorating over time. Its main disadvantage is the cost.

Factors Associated with Dental Pain in Mexican Schoolchildren Aged 6 to 12 Years.

OBJECTIVE: To identify dental pain prevalence and associated factors in Mexican schoolchildren. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 1,404 schoolchildren aged 6 to 12 years from public schools in the city of Pachuca de Soto, Hidalgo, Mexico. Data were collected through a questionnaire that addressed sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors, eating and dental hygiene habits, and behavior variables. The dependent variable was self-reported dental pain in the 12 months prior to the survey. Data were analyzed using nonparametric statistics and a binary logistical regression model. RESULTS: Dental pain prevalence among the studied children was 49.9%. The variables associated in the final model (p < 0.05) were younger mother's age, higher socioeconomic level, absence of an automobile in the home, fried food, fruit intake, lower tooth brushing frequency, never having used mouthwash or not knowing about it, and parents/guardians with regular to high levels of knowledge about oral health and a regular or good/very good perception of their child's oral health. CONCLUSIONS: One in two children in the study had experienced dental pain in the twelve months prior to the survey. The association of socioeconomic variables with dental pain suggested inequalities among the children in terms of oral health.

Impacted Maxillary Canine Prevalence and Its Association with Other Dental Anomalies in a Mexican Population.

Objective. We quantified the prevalence of impacted maxillary canines (IMC) and their association with other dental anomalies (DAs). Materials and Methods. A retrospective study was done with 860 patients 12 to 39 years of age. The prevalence of IMC was calculated and compared by sex. The sample was divided into a control group and an impaction group, and the prevalence was calculated in both for a series of anomalies: agenesis, supernumerary teeth, shape anomalies of the upper laterals (microdontia, peg and barrel shape, and talon cusp), fusion, gemination, other impacted teeth, transposition, and amelogenesis imperfecta. The prevalence values for both groups were compared (Pearson's χ2 test, p ≤ 0.05). Results. IMC were present in 6.04% of the sample with no difference by sex (p = 0.540). Other DAs occurred in 51.92% of the IMC group and in 20.17% of the controls (p < 0.05). Significant associations (p < 0.05) were identified between IMC and four other DAs: microdontia, barrel shape, other impacted teeth, and transposition. The prevalence of all anomalies was lower in the control group. Conclusion. IMC were seen in 6.04% of patients. Patients with this condition also had a higher prevalence of other DAs. These other anomalies should be used as risk indicators for early diagnosis.

Contribution of prosthetic treatment considerations for dental extractions of permanent teeth.

Background. Tooth loss is an easily identifiable outcome that summarizes a complex suite of factors in an individual's history of dental disease and its treatment by dental services over a lifetime. Assessment of overall tooth loss data is essential for epidemiologically evaluating the adequacy of dental care provided at a systems level, as well as for placing in context tooth loss for non-disease causes. For example, when derived from prosthetic treatment planning, the latter may unfortunately lead to some teeth being extracted (pulled) for the sake of better comprehensive clinical results. The objective of the present manuscript was to identify the contribution to overall tooth loss, by extraction of permanent teeth because of prosthetic treatment reasons. Material and Methods. A cross-sectional study included sex, age, total number of extractions performed by subject, sextant (anterior vs. posterior), group of teeth (incisors, canines, premolars and molars), upper or lower arch, and the main reason underlying extraction (extraction for any reason vs. prosthetic treatment), in patients 18 years of age and older seeking care at a dental school clinic in Mexico. A multivariate logistic regression model was generated. Results. A total of 749 teeth were extracted in 331 patients; 161 teeth (21.5% of total) were extracted for explicit prosthetic treatment indications. As age increased, the likelihood of having an extraction for prosthetic reasons increased 3% (OR = 1.03, p < 0.001). Women (OR = 1.57, p < 0.05) were more likely to be in this situation, and molars (OR = 2.70, p < 0.001) were most at risk. As the total number of extractions increased, the risk of having an extraction for prosthetic reasons decreased (OR = 0.94, p < 0.05). Conclusions. A significant amount (21.5%) of the extractions of permanent teeth were performed for prosthetic reasons in this dental school clinical environment; age, sex, type of tooth, and the total number of extractions moderated such pattern.

[Oral hygiene customs in 6-12 year old schoolchildren]. / Uso de auxiliares para la higiene bucal y su distribucion por edad u sexo en escolares de seis a 12 anos de edad.

OBJECTIVE. To characterize utilization of oral hygiene devices and customs in schoolchildren. MATERIAL AND METHODS. We performed a cross-sectional study in 1,404 schoolchildren (6- 12 year olds) from 14 public schools in Pachuca, Hidalgo, México, using a questionnaire for sociodemographic variables and 1) Tooth brushing frequency (<1/d vs. at least 1/d), 2) Use of toothpaste (not always vs. always), 3) Flossing (never, does not know vs. at least 1/week), 4) Use of mouthwash (never, does not know vs. at least 1/week). Analyses were performed with nonparametric tests. RESULTS. Mean age was 8.97 ± 1.99 years; 50.1% were male. Prevalence of utilization of oral hygiene devices and associated customs were 85.5% tooth brushing, 90.9% toothpaste, 19.4% flossing, and 28.2% mouthwash. Only 11.8% of participants reported utilization in all 4 categories. We observed differences (p < 0.05) across sexes only in the use of toothpaste, as women used it more often. Differences across age were observed (p < 0.05) for tooth brushing (younger children brushed more often) and flossing (older children flossed more often). CONCLUSIONS. Tooth brushing was the oral hygiene practice more often performed in this sample, with other frequencies being relatively low. There were differences by age and sex across some variables.

Impact of socio-demographic, socioeconomic, and water variables on dental fluorosis in adolescents growing up during the implementation of a fluoridated domestic salt program.

The objective of this study is to determine the impact of socio-demographic, socioeconomic, and other risk indicators on dental fluorosis (DF) among Mexican adolescents. A cross-sectional study was carried out in 1,538 adolescents 12 and 15 years of age in semi-rural communities located at high altitude (>2,000 m) and with high concentration of fluoride in water (1.38-3.07 ppm) in Hidalgo, Mexico. DF was determined by means of Dean's Index and all teeth were examined. Remaining variables were collected using a questionnaire. The adjusted final model was performed using ordered logistic regression. After adjusting for sex, the variables associated with DF were (p < 0.05): being 12 years old (OR = 1.10) versus 15 years old; having lived the first 6 years of life in El Llano (3.07 F ppm) (OR = 3.19) or San Marcos (1.38 F ppm) (OR = 1.63) versus Tula (1.42 F ppm); having public (OR = 1.35) or private health insurance (OR = 1.36) versus those without insurance; belonging to the lower quartiles of socioeconomic position (SEP) [1st quartile (OR = 2.48), 2nd quartile (OR = 1.81), 3rd quartile (OR = 1.49)] versus the highest quartile; having drunk tap water (OR = 1.83) or from a well or spring (OR = 2.30) versus those who drank water purchased in large containers or bottles. Demographic and socioeconomic variables were associated with DF. While better SEP appeared to play an important role in DF, a pattern of water intake associated with water purchased in large containers or bottles (which have different connotations to the use of bottled water in industrialized Western countries) did reduce DF risk in these high fluoride content, high altitude communities.

Agenesia de terceros molares, prevalencia, distribución y asociación con otras anomalías dentales / Third molar agenesis, prevalence, distribution and association with other dental anomalies

La agenesia de terceros molares se ha reportado en un 24,3 por ciento en México. La agenesia dental está asociada a otras anomalías dentales debido a su origen genético. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la prevalencia y distribución de agenesia de terceros molares así como establecer su asociación con otras anomalías dentales en una población ortodóntica. La muestra incluyó 670 pacientes ortodónticos de 9 a 20 años de edad. Se excluyeron pacientes con tratamiento ortodóntico previo y condiciones sindrómicas. Se calculó la prevalencia de agenesia de terceros molares y se comparó por sexo. Posteriormente los pacientes fueron divididos en 2 grupos, con agenesia de al menos un tercer molar y un grupo control y en ambos se calculó la prevalencia de 10 anomalías dentarias. Los resultados se compararon por medio de la prueba exacta de Fisher (p<0,05). La prevalencia fue del 25,97 por ciento, no hubo diferencia estadística entre géneros (p=0,139). El 41,95 por ciento de los pacientes del grupo de agenesia presentó anomalías asociadas, mientras que en el control fueron el 23,59 por ciento. Se encontró una diferencia significativa entre ambos grupos (p=0,0001). Al comparar individualmente la prevalencia de cada anomalía por grupo, se encontró que la agenesia (p=0,0001) y los dientes retenidos (p=0,015) estaban disminuidos significativamente en el grupo control. En conclusión se encontró una prevalencia del 25,97 por ciento, sin preferencia de sexo. Los pacientes con agenesia de terceros molares presentan mayor prevalencia de anomalías dentales asociadas, particularmente agenesia de otros dientes y dientes retenidos.

Prevalence of third molar agenesis has been estimated in 24.3 percent in Mexico. Dental agenesis is associated with other dental anomalies due its genetic origin. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and distribution of third molar agenesis and to establish its association with other dental anomalies in an orthodontic population. The sample included 670 orthodontic patients from 9 to 20 years old. Exclusion criteria were patients with previous orthodontic treatment and syndromic conditions. Third molar agenesis prevalence was calculated and sex values were compared. Then, patients were divided into 2 groups, with agenesis of at least one third molar and a control group; prevalence of 10 dental anomalies were calculated for both groups. The results were compared using Fisher's exact test (p <0.05). Third molar agenesis prevalence was 25.97 percent, there was no statistical difference between sexes (p= 0.139). The 41.95 percent of patients in the agenesis group had abnormalities associated, whereas in the control group it was 23.59 percent. A significant difference between groups was found (p= 0.0001). When comparing the prevalence of each individual anomaly between groups, it was found that agenesis (p= 0.0001) and impacted teeth (p= 0.015) were significantly decreased in the control group. In conclusion it was found a prevalence of 25.97 percent, with no sex preference. Patients with agenesis of third molars have a higher prevalence of associated dental anomalies, particularly agenesis of other teeth and impacted teeth.

Cuidados de la dentición primaria de escolares de 6 y 7 años de edad / Care index for primary teeth in schoolchildren aged 6 and 7 years

Determinar la existencia, prevalencia y gravedad de caries dental, así como establecer las necesidades de tratamiento y el índice de cuidados en la dentición primaria de niños mexicanos de 6 y 7 años de edad. Material y métodos: Este estudio transversal incluyó 357 escolares de la ciudad de Campeche, México. El índice de dientes cariados, indicados para extracción/extraídos y perdidos (índice ceod) fue utilizado para determinar la existencia de caries dental, y con él se calcularon igualmente la prevalencia (ceod > 0), la gravedad (ceod ≥ 4), así como las necesidades de tratamiento (INT) y el índice de cuidados. Se utilizaron cuestionarios para identificar las variables sociodemográficas, socioeconómicas y de conductas de salud bucal. En el análisis se empleó el modelo de regresión logística binaria. Resultados: El índice ceod global fue de 2.29 ± 2.95. La prevalencia y la gravedad fueron 52.4% y 29.1%, respectivamente. El porcentaje del INT fue de 88.1% y el índice de cuidados de 11.4%. En el modelo multivariado, la actitud negativa hacia la salud bucal (odds ratio [OR] = 2.32; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%: 1.36-3.94) y las visitas al dentista en el año previo al estudio (OR = 1.93; IC 95%: 1.44-2.54), resultaron asociadas a la prevalencia de caries. Conclusiones: Más de la mitad de los escolares presentan lesiones de caries en la dentición primaria. Se observó un alto porcentaje de lesiones cariosas con necesidad de tratamiento. Observamos que la actitud que tiene la madre hacia la salud bucal de su hijo tiene cierto grado de influencia sobre la prevalencia de caries en la dentición primaria. Es necesario implementar estrategias que permitan mejorar la salud bucal de los escolares...

[Experience of non-reversible and reversible carious lesions in 11 and 12 years old Mexican schoolchildren: a negative binomial regression analysis]. / Lesiones cariosas reversibles e irreversibles en escolares mexicanos de 11 y 12 años de edad: un análisis de regresión binomial negativa.

INTRODUCTION: Dental caries is one of the most common chronic childhood diseases worldwide. In Mexico it is a public health problem. OBJECTIVE: To identify variables associated with caries occurrence (non-reversible and reversible lesions) in a sample of Mexican schoolchildren. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study in 640 schoolchildren of 11 and 12 years of age. The dependent variable was the D 1+2 MFT index, comprising reversible and irreversible carious lesions (dental caries) according to the Pitts D 1 /D 2 classification. Clinical examinations were performed by trained and standardized examiners. Using structured questionnaires we collected socio-demographic, socio-economic and health-related oral behaviors. Negative binomial regression was used for the analysis. RESULTS: The D 1+2 MFT index was 5.68±3.47. The schoolchildren characteristics associated with an increase in the expected average rate of dental caries were: being female (27.1%), having 12 years of age (23.2%), consuming larger amounts of sugar (13.9%), having mediocre (31.3%) and poor/very poor oral hygiene (62.3%). Conversely, when the family owned a car the expected mean D 1+2 MFT decreased 13.5%. CONCLUSIONS: When dental caries occurrence (about 6 decayed teeth) is estimated taking into consideration not only cavities (lesions in need of restorative dental treatment) but also incipient carious lesions, the character of this disease as a common clinical problem and as a public health problem are further emphasized. Results revealed the need to establish preventive and curative strategies in the sample.

Lesiones cariosas reversibles e irreversibles en escolares mexicanos de 11 y 12 años de edad: un análisis de regresión binomial negativa / Experience of non-reversible and reversible carious lesions in 11 and 12 years old Mexican schoolchildren: A negative binomial regression analysis

Introducción. La caries dental es una de las enfermedades crónicas infantiles más frecuentes. En México es un problema de salud pública bucal. Objetivo. Identificar las variables asociadas a la presencia de caries (lesiones reversibles e irreversibles) en una muestra de escolares mexicanos. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio transversal en 640 escolares de 11 y 12 años de edad. La variable dependiente fue el índice C 1+2 POD, contemplando las lesiones cariosas (caries dental) reversibles e irreversibles según la clasificación C 1 /C 2 / de Pitts. Se practicaron exámenes clínicos por examinadores capacitados y estandarizados. Utilizando cuestionarios estructurados, se recogieron variables sociodemográficas, socioeconómicas y sobre conductas relacionadas con la salud bucal. En el análisis se empleó el modelo de regresión binomial negativa. Resultados. El índice C 1+2 POD fue 5,68±3,47. Las características de los escolares que estuvieron asociadas a un incremento en la media esperada del índice de caries dental fueron: ser del sexo femenino (27,1 %), tener 12 años de edad (23,2 %), consumir mayores cantidades de azúcar (13,9 %), tener higiene bucal regular (31,3 %), o tener mala o muy mala higiene bucal (62,3 %). Contrariamente, el que la familia poseyera un automóvil disminuyó 13,5 % la media esperada del C 1+2 POD. Conclusiones. Cuando se toman en consideración las caries que presentan cavidades y aquellas que se encuentran en un estado incipiente de desarrollo, se acentúa aún más el carácter de esta enfermedad (promedio de casi seis dientes con caries) como un problema clínico común y un problema de salud pública bucal. Los resultados revelan la necesidad de establecer estrategias preventivas y curativas en la muestra.

Introduction: Dental caries is one of the most common chronic childhood diseases worldwide. In Mexico it is a public health problem. Objective: To identify variables associated with caries occurrence (non-reversible and reversible lesions) in a sample of Mexican schoolchildren. Material and methods: We performed a cross-sectional study in 640 schoolchildren of 11 and 12 years of age. The dependent variable was the D 1+2 MFT index, comprising reversible and irreversible carious lesions (dental caries) according to the Pitts D 1 /D 2 classification. Clinical examinations were performed by trained and standardized examiners. Using structured questionnaires we collected socio-demographic, socio-economic and health-related oral behaviors. Negative binomial regression was used for the analysis. Results: The D 1+2 MFT index was 5.68±3.47. The schoolchildren characteristics associated with an increase in the expected average rate of dental caries were: being female (27.1%), having 12 years of age (23.2%), consuming larger amounts of sugar (13.9%), having mediocre (31.3%) and poor/very poor oral hygiene (62.3%). Conversely, when the family owned a car the expected mean D 1+2 MFT decreased 13.5%. Conclusions: When dental caries occurrence (about 6 decayed teeth) is estimated taking into consideration not only cavities (lesions in need of restorative dental treatment) but also incipient carious lesions, the character of this disease as a common clinical problem and as a public health problem are further emphasized. Results revealed the need to establish preventive and curative strategies in the sample.

[Influence of predisposing, enabling, and health care need variables on the use of dental health services among Mexican adolescents from a semi-rural location]. / Influencia de variables predisponentes, facilitadoras y de necesidades sobre la utilización de servicios de salud bucal en adolescentes mexicanos en un medio semirrural.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to quantify the influence of some of the predisposing, enabling, and healthcare need variables on dental health services utilization (DHSU) among Mexican adolescents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional analytical study including 1,538 Mexican teenagers 12 and 15 years of age. The dependent variable was DHSU in the previous 12 months. Data were collected through a questionnaire and included demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral factors. The study included an oral examination. The analysis included nonparametric statistics and a logistic regression model. RESULTS: Of the 1,538 adolescents, 688 were 12 years old and 850 were 15 years old. Girls accounted for 49.9%. The prevalence of DHSU was 15%. In the final model we found that having moved at least once from the community in which the child was born was associated with DHSU (OR: 1.24; 95% CI: 1.10-1.40; p > 0.05), just as it was observed for purchasing purified water for home consumption instead of relying on piped water supplies (OR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.03-2.25), higher educational attainment of the mother (OR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.02-1.91) and of the father (OR: 1.87; 95% CI: 1.09-3.19). Having more sound teeth (OR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.94-0.98), and having at least one tooth with caries (OR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.01-1.18) were also associated with DHSU (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The percentage of subjects with DHSU in the prior 12 months was low compared with other studies. Our identification of the variables associated with DHSU (often surrogates of socioeconomic position) indicated the existence of oral health inequalities and the need to develop strategies to reduce the gaps identified.